Tag Archives: role

Advanced Practice Nursing in Australia

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Contact:
Australian College of Nurse Practitioners
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia

Role

The Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) role in Australia was established in 1990 and the Nurse practitioner Role later established in 2000 (Sheer & Wong, 2008; Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care [AGDHAC], 2023).  However, while the title of APN is not legislatively protected, the Nurse Practitioner (NP) title is.  With more than 20 years of role existence Australia has both championed the role of the Nurse Practitioner and continues to have immerging desire to expand the level of integration of the NP within the nation’s healthcare (AGDHAC, 2023; Jennings & Clothier, 2026).

Historically NPs are able to practice at a scope that allows them to both diagnose and prescribe treatments for patients across the spectrum in both acute, primary, and specialty care.  Yet, barriers have remained largely in professional resistance, varying state regulations which also appear to have contributing to slow growth the NP workforce numbers and institutional regulations to allow NPs to practice to their full scope (AGDHAC, 2023; Fong, Buckley, Cashin, & Pont, 2017; Jennings & Clothier, 2026).  While historically in 2010 the NP role required collaborative agreements with that of General Practitioners (Medical licensed individual) as of 2023 this requirement was removed allowing autonomous practice, due to collaborative agreements being a barrier to the access of care (Jennings & Clothier, 2026).  Further in 2023 the AGDHAC (2023) further identified a workforce and established a Nurse Practitioner Workforce Plan to help promote access, awareness, and ability for the NP to work at their full scope of practice (AGDHAC, 2023).

Education and Certification

Education required for the Nurse Practitioner role requires a master’s degree in nursing which additionally certifies the passing individual for endorsement for registration.  As a result, registration for the Nurse Practitioner does not require a single certification exam, but rather the educational institution will endorse the individual has passed certain competencies before they will endorse the candidate for registration.  This same curriculum also a minimum of 5000 hours of clinical practice and supervision prior to being able to have prescribing rights (Jennings & Clothier, 2026).

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References:
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care [AGDHAC]. (2023, May). Nurse practitioner workforce plan. https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-05/nurse-practitioner-workforce-plan.pdf

Fong, J., Buckley, T., Cashin, A., & Pont, L. (2017). Nurse practitioner prescribing in Australia: a comprehensive literature review. Australian Critical Care. 30(5)252-259. doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2016.11.003

Jennings, N. & Clothier, V. (2026). Urgent care in Australia- Unblocking nurse practitioner capacity to systemic access issues.  International Emergency Nursing. 85(2026). doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2026.101741

Sheer, B. & Wong, F.K. (2008).  The development of advanced nursing practice globally.  Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40(3),204-211.

Originally Published 25 Aug 2013; Updated 28 Oct 2026

Advanced Practice Nursing in Cyprus

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Contact:
Cyprus Registrar of Nursing and Midwifery Council

Role

Cyprus has had an immerging development of the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) role over the most recent few years yet conflicting information in the published literature shows the nation has had an ongoing struggle to implement the role in a standardized manner.  As a result while the role exists legally, it i

Particularly, in 2018, Ladd and Schober identified the role had been created with prescriptive authority and legislation approved, but the process had been stalled at the actual implementation of the role.  In 2022, Unsworth et al. further identified in an EU review that the role had been indeed implemented but did not categorize the role as well established.  Meanwhile, De Raeve et al. (2023) identified the role had yet to be established in the country and ongoing talks were in place as to how the role would be implemented and as a result most nurses trained to the level of the APN do not practice in that capacity or if they do it may be more that of a specialized nurse.

Further in 2024, Unsworth et al. identified the process has largely been stalled between the legislative ratification to the implementation as a part of the evolutionary process that may take 15 to 20 total years of being incorporated.

This all being said, while the actual in practice role of the APN is in question, significant efforts have been ongoing to the point that legislation and key stakeholders have been having ongoing discussions how to integrate the APN into the workforce and this role does include that of prescriptive authority (Ladd & Schober, 2018).

Education

Despite the lack of role integration, the university education has already established master level nursing curriculum. In Cyprus the European University of Cyprus (n.d.) offers master level education in nursing with specializations in community, mental health, and emergency care nursing.

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References:
De Raeve P., M. Davidson, P., Bergs, J., Patch, M., Jack., S.M., Castro-Ayala, A., Xyrichis, A., & Preston, W. (2023). Advanced practice nursing in Europe- results from a pan-European survey of 35 countries. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 00,1-10. doi:10.1111/jan.15775

European University Cyprus. (n.d.). Master in Nursing (MSc). Retrieved October 23, 2026, from https://euc.ac.cy/en/programs/master-nursing/

Ladd, E., & Schober, M. (2018). Nurse prescribing from the global vantage point: the intersection between role and policy. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice. 19(1-2)40-49.  doi: 10.1177/1527154418797726

Unsworth, J., Greene, K., Ali, P., Lillebø, G., & Carmen Mazilu, D. (2022).  Advanced practice nurse roles in Europe: Implementation challenges, progress and lessons learnt. International Nursing Review. 71(2)299-308 doi: 10.1111/inr.12800

Originally published 7 Aug 2013; Updated 23 Oct 2026

Advanced Practice Nursing in Ireland

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Contact: Nursing and Midwifery Board of Ireland (NMBI)

Role

Since the development of the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) role in Ireland, the role has greatly increased in popularity and integration into the entire health system in Ireland (Doherty, 2025; Doody, 2025).  The role incorporates full autonomy within the scope of practice and collaboration with the board of nursing and midwifery and generally dependent on the structure of the system they work within which often incorporates diagnosis and treatment of patients as well as clinical leadership and multidisciplinary team collaboration (Doody, 2025; Nursing and Midwifery Board of Ireland [NMBI], 2017). 

Education and Certification

The advanced nurse practitioner in Ireland requires a minimum of a master level education (NMBI, n.d.; Doody, 2025).  There are current programs to meet this educational need in Ireland today supported by the NMBI, but additionally there is a pathway for individuals educated outside the Irish education system that allows individuals to become registered within the country including within and outside of the European Union (NMBI, n.d.).

References:
Doherty, B. (2025, March 24). The rise of advanced nursing practice: An Irish success story. Medical Independent. https://www.medicalindependent.ie/in-the-news/news-features/the-rise-of-advanced-nursing-practice-an-irish-success-story/

Doody, O., Graham, M., Hegarty, O., Sloane, A.M., Walsh, P., Synnott, M., Russell, M., Dunworth, T., Sheridan, J., & Murphy, L. (2025).  Identifying the landscape and contribution of the advanced nurse practitioners in supporting healthcare provision in Ireland in the 21st century: An integrative review.  International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances.  8(2025).  doi:10.1016/j.jinsa.2025.100304

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Ireland [NMBI]. (n.d.). ANP/AMP registration pathways. https://www.nmbi.ie/Registration/Add-New-Division/Advanced-Practitioners/Registering-as-ANP-AMP

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Ireland [NMBI] (2017). Advanced practice (nursing) standards and requirements.  Retrieved from: https://www.nmbi.ie/NMBI/media/NMBI/Advanced-Practice-Nursing-Standards-and-Requirements-2017.pdf?ext=.pdf

[First Published: 15 August 2013; Updated: 29 June 2014 & 13 October, 2026]

Advanced Practice Nursing in Spain

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Role

In Spain, there has been an ongoing increase in both interest and practice of Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs, Cantón-Rodríguez, 2024; Sevilla Guerrera, 2018).  This includes significant collaborative efforts among healthcare institutions, universities, publication of evidence to support and understand the current and prospective role, and regional support (Cantón-Rodríguez et al., 2024).  The role however has been met with significant challenges that has prevented national consistency in the role’s implementation, including lack of legislative support, institutional role development, and peer support (Cantón-Rodríguez et al., 2024; Hämel et al., 2020; Sánchez-Gómez et al., 2019).

Education

Nursing currently requires a bachelor’s degree in nursing consistent with EU standards for the same role.  As the APN role is not formally acknowledged on a national level, consensus supports both the EU standard as well as ICN definition in that any APN role would require a Masters degree in Nursing (Sánchez-Gómez et al., 2019).

Specialties

With the lack of generalized APN role, there is not any formal nationally recognized specializations for APNs in Spain.  However, various roles have been created to promote components of a more advanced role for nurses which would meet the ICN’s definition of a Master’s Degree prepared APN for at least the last seven years (Cantón-Rodríguez et al., 2024; Sánchez-Gómez et al., 2019). Historically, Spain has incorporated APNs in specialized roles in various capacities throughout Spain including urgent care, primarily focusing on chronic disease, incorporating diabetology, stomatherapy, oncology, palliative care, chronic wounds, and case management (Cantón-Rodríguez et al., 2024).

References:

Cantón-Rodríguez, Y., Ibáñez-Masero, O., García-Navarro, E.B., Ortega Galán, Á.M., Ventura-Miranda, M.I., & Ruiz-Fernández, M.D. (2024). Professional experiences of Spanish advanced practice nurses: qualitative research.  BMC Nursing, 23(439). doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02105-6

Hämel, K., Rosana, B., Casanova, A., & Giovanella, L. (2020). Advanced practice nursing in primary health care in the Spanish national health system.  Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 25(1)303-314. doi:10.1590/1413-81232020251.28332019

Sánchez-Gómez, M.B., Ramos-Santana, S., Gómez-Salgado, J., Sánchez-Nicolás, F., Moreno-Garriga, C., & Duarte-Clíments, G. (2019). Benefits of advanced practice nursing for its expansión in the Spanish context.  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16(680). doi:10.3390/ijerph1605680

Sevilla Guerra, S. (2018). The implementation of advanced practice nursing in Catalonia.  [Doctoral dissertation, University of Barcelona] Retrieved from: https://www.tesisenred.net/bitstream/handle/10803/585925/SSG_PhD_THESIS.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

 

Advanced Practice Nursing in Belgium

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Contact:
Belgische Vereniging Verpleegkundig Specialisten BVVS (Belgian Association of Nurse Practitioners)

Role

Belgium has made significant advances in developing the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) role over the last ten years.  In 2019 legislation was ratified to nationally protect the term APN under the titles Verpleegkundig Specialist [VS] in the Flemish region and Infirmier de pratique avancée [IPA] in the French region or often labeled together VS/IPA (Van Hecke et al., 2022).

Since then, clarification of the role of VS/IPA was ratified in legislature through Royal Decree on April 14, 2024 which identified prescribing and treatment authority for APNs (Arrêté royal du 14 avril 2024, 2024).  After the Royal Decree in 2024, a delayed rollout of VA/IPA prescribing was set in place for January 1, 2026 to allow for healthcare institutions and insurances to identify the formulary and procedures for APNs to prescribe (Blondeel et al., 2025).

In Belgium, APNs cannot practice autonomously and are dependent on interprofessional collaborative agreements based on physician directed permissions that vary based on position (Blondeel et al., 2025).  However, there has been significant interest and momentum to help establish more standardized competencies for APNs in Belgium that have included multidisciplinary key-stakeholders to help further discussions of autonomy in the future (Van Hecke et al., 2024).

Education

In order to use the title of VS/IPA, one must have both a Bachelor Degree and Masters Degree in Nursing with specific education in Advanced Practice Nursing (Blondeel et al., 2025; Van Hecke et al., 2022).   This is consistent with other nations within the European Union to keep a level of continuity between APN education and as such requires the educational level equivalent of EQF-7 to prescribe medications (Blondeel et al., 2025).   Such programs are available at universities in Belgium as the University of Antwerp (n.d.), of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (n.d.).

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References:
Arrêté royal du 14 avril 2024 (2024). URL https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/article.pl?language=fr&lg_txt=f&type=&sort=&numac_search=&cn_search=2024041414&caller=eli&&view_numac=2024041414nl

Blondeel, M., Mortelmans, L., De Belder, E., Sabbe, K., Goosseens, E., Dilles, T. (2025).  Exploring nurse prescribing practices and preferences in Belgian hospitals: a multicentre cross-sectional survey on healthcare providers’ perspectives and expected impact.  Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2025(11). doi:10.1111/JAN/.70068

Université Libre de Bruxelles. (n.d.). Master in advanced practice nursing. Retrieved September 18, 2026, from https://www.ulb.be/en/programme/ma-sipa

University of Antwerp (n.d.). Advanced Nurse Practitioner: Master of nursing and midwivery.  Retrieved September 18, 2026 from: https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/study/programmes/all-programmes/master-nursing-midwifery/study-programme/advanced-nurse-pract/

Van Hecke, A., Van Bogaert, P., Decoene, E., Dobbles, F., Goossens, E., Goossens G.A., Verhaeghe, S., & Goffin, T. (2022).  A legal framework on advanced practice nursing in Belgium: what do we and don’t we know?  Acta Clinica Belgica. 77(1). doi:10.1080/17843286.2020.1795575

A. Dancot, J., Dobbels, F., Alice Goossens, G., Jacobs, N., Van Achterberg, T., Van Bogaert, P., Van Durme, T., Verhaeghe, S., Vlaeyen, E., & Goossens, E. (2024). Development of a competency framework for advanced practice nurses: a co-design process.  Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2024(00)1-13. doi:10.1111/jan.16174

Originally Published 7 August, 2013; Updated 21 September 2026

Advanced Practice Nursing in Brazil

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Contact:
Cofen

Role

The role of Advanced Practice Nursing in Brazil does not currently exist. However, as of 2022 Cofen, the regulating organization for nurses in Brazil has been actively interested and investigating the potential and feasibility of developing a more advanced role for nursing. According to Alves de Araújo Puschel et al (2022) there are significant health disparities in Brazil and an organized nursing workforce that would be a good foundation to develop the role. During the COVID pandemic, collaborative efforts were made with other nations that strengthened the interest to proceed with advancing nursing practice. However, reportedly with the combination of strengthening of the physician’s role, presence of nursing workforce shortages, and lack of legislative movement on nursing has shown further momentum would be needed before such a role were to take shape (Alves de Araújo Puschel, 2022).

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References:
Alves de Araújo Puschel, V., Pimenta Araújo Paz, E., Martins Ribeiro, R., Maria Alvarez, A., / Leonardo Figueiredo Cunha, C. (2022). Advanced practice nursing in Brazil: How are we and what is missing?. Reverts de Escola de Enfermagem da U F P. 18(56). doi:10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2021-0455en

Advanced Practice Nursing in the Netherlands

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Contact:
Dutch Ministry of Health
Dutch Nursing Specialist Register
Dutch Professional Nurse Practitioner Organization

Role

The role of Advanced Practice Nurses in the Netherlands is the Nurse Practitioner or “Verpleegkundig (VSR, 2022).  Introduction of this role started in 1997 (Storedur & Leonard, 2010; Van den Brink et al., 2019).  The Clinical Nurse Specialist role in the Netherlands had initially developed as an alternative health provider for general practice physicians based on a general practitioner shortage (Dierick-van Daele, 2010; Stordeur & Leonard, 2010; Zwijnenberg & Bours 2012).  Progressively, the role expanded as the health system responded with generalized acceptance and improvement of cost efficiency and outcomes (Maier, 2019; Van den Brink, 2019; VSR, 2019).  The scope of practice for Dutch Nurse Practitioners primarily includes:

  • Advanced assessment (Dierick-van Daele, 2010)
  • Diagnosing and making decisions for further treatment (Dierick-van Daele, 2010)
  • Full Prescriptive authority within specialization (Maier, 2019)
  • Provision of procedures necessary for medication treatment (Zwinjenberg & Bours, 2012)
  • Referrals to primary or secondary services (Dierick-van Daele, 2010)
  • Autonomous practice without physician supervision (Van den Brink et al., 2019)

As the role has progressively developed, Van den Brink et al. (2019) identified the practice of care in hospital settings and identified

Since the introduction of the Nurse Practitioner role in the Netherlands, studies began showing that the role significantly addressed areas of patient care that were not previously adequately addressed by their physician staff (Stordeur & Leonard, 2010).  While the role is not intended to replace that of physicians, it has been greatly observed as a complimentary role and is pursuing more autonomous roles for Nurse Practitioners to perform patient care in patients homes and management of chronic illnesses (Storeur & Leonard, 2010; Maier, 2019).

Education and Certification

A four-year bachelor degree is necessary to work as a registered nurse in the Netherlands (Robinson & Griffiths, 2007).  The advancement of nursing practice to become a Certified Nurse Specialist requires an individual to receive a 2-year dual Master of Advanced Nursing Practice (MANP) degree (Dierick-van Daele, 2010; Stordeur & Leonard, 2010; VSR 2022).  In the event an advanced practice nurse would like to practice in the Netherlands, there are several nations of the EU including Switzerland, Iceland, Norway, or Lichtensetin in which registration is transferrable (VSR, 2022).  If an individual received their APN training outside of these nations, they will need to first complete the MANP degree, however individuals may qualify for a shortened trajectory based on their previous training (VSR, 2022).

The Dutch have been very proactive in developing a model to facilitate this role development, including having their APN students experience through immersion the Nurse Practitioner role outside their country (Ter Maten & Garcia-Maas, 2010).   Registration for Advanced Practice Nurses in the Netherlands requires individuals to register under a separate registry (the Verpleegugkundig Specialist Register [VSR]) from that of registered nurses, maintained by a division of the Central Information Centre for Professional Practitioners, an branch under the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport (Robinson & Griffiths, 2007; VSR, 2017).

Specialties

Based on the needs of the Dutch health system, there two main specializations: general (or somatic) health and mental health as follows (VSR, 2017).  A link to the Professional Competency Framework can be found here.

The curriculum for further specialization (i.e. cardiology, primary care) is then incorporated within the specific graduate coursework of one of the above specialties (VSR, 2017).

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References:
Delamaire, M. & Lafortune, G. (2010). Nurses in advanced roles: A description and evaluation of experiences in 12 developed countries.  OECD Health Working Papers, 54, OECD Publishing.http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kmbrcfms5g7-en

Dierick-van Daele, A. (2010).  The Introduction of the Nurse Practitioner in General Practice [electronic publication].  Schering-Plough.  Retrieved from: http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=20140

Maier, M.B. (2019). Nurse prescribing of medicines in 13 European countries.  Human Resources for Health. 95(2019), doi:10.1186/s12960-019-0429-6

Pulcini, J., Jelic, M., Gul, R, Loke, A.Y. (2009).  An international survey on advanced practice nursing, education, practice, and regulation.  Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42(1),31-39.  doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01322.x

Robinson, S. & Griffiths, P. (2007).  Nursing education and regulation: International profiles and perspectives [online publication].  Retrieved from:http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/348772/1/NurseEduProfiles.pdf

Sheer, B. & Wong, F.K. (2008).  The development of advanced nursing practice globally.  Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40(3),204-211.

Stordeur, S. & Leonard, C. (2010).  Challenges in physician supply planning: The case of Belgium.  Human Resources for Health, 8(28),1-11.  doi:10.1186/1478-4491-8-28

Ter Maten, A. & Garcia-Maas, L. (2010).  Dutch advanced nursing practice students: Role development through international short-term immersion.  Journal of Nursing Education, 48(4), 226-231.

Van den Brink, G.T.W.J., Kouwen, A.J., Hooker, R.S., Vermeulen, H. & Laurant, M.G.H. (2019). An activity analysis of Dutch hospital-based physician assistants and nurse practitioners.  Human Resources for Health.  78(2019).  doi:10.1186/s12960-019-0423-z

Verpleegkundig Specialisten Register [VSR] (2017). More information (in English) about the profession of the certified nurse specialist: The nurse practitioner in the Netherlands.  Retrieved from: https://www.venvn.nl/media/zvofiilk/additional-information-about-the-certified-nurse-specialist.pdf  

Verpleegkundig Specialist Register [VSR] (2022). Foreign graduates: The nurse practitioner in the Netherlands [webpage]. Retrieved June 28, 2022 from: https://www-venvn-nl.translate.goog/registers/verpleegkundig-specialisten-register/registratie/buitenslands-gediplomeerden/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp

Zwijnenberg, N.C. & Bours, G.J. (2012).  Nurse practitioners and physician assistants in Dutch hospitals: their role, extent of substitution and facilitators and barriers experienced in the reallocation of tasks.  Journal of  Advanced Nursing, 68(6),1235-1246.  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05823.x

[Initially published 16 Aug 2013; revised 1 Jul 2022, revised 9 Jun 2024]

Advanced Practice Nursing in Austria

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Role

Austria as well as many other nations worldwide is planning for the future sustainability of its health system with an aging health workforce (Glarcher & Lex, 2020).  There has been significant recent momentum in Austria to develop the role of advanced practice nursing (APN) since 2016 when educational regulation for the registered nurse role was formally embraced.  Since 2016 various academic programs recently have developed APN curriculum for masters-level degrees and graduates have begun to enter the workforce (Glarcher & Lex, 2020).

However, at this time the role is largely limited to the lack of any formal regulation.  As a result the scope of practice exists only as determined by each organization and consequentially does not have advanced permissions for advanced practice by national entities for independent assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prescription beyond the registered nurse role (Glarcher & Lex, 2020).

References:
Glarcher, M. & Lex, K.M. (2020).  Advanced nursing practice in Austria under consideration of outcome measurement. Zeitschrift für Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen. 155(2020)11-16. doi: 10.1016/j.zefq.2020.06.012

Advanced Practice Nursing in Kenya

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Contact:
Aga Khan University – School of Nursing and Midwifery, East Africa
Kenyan Nurses Association

Role

The role of the Advanced Practice Nurse in Kenya is in development(Rasul, 2020; Sahib et al., 2020).  They role has yet to be developed and has met significant pushback in the past to attempt to advance nursing practice (East et al, 2014).  

Some of the greatest barriers identified include: lack of advanced nursing role regulation, lack of regional benchmark, medical profession (Dela Christmals, Crous, & Armstrong, 2019; East et al, 2014).  Meanwhile, significant healthcare gaps, particularly throughout rural parts of Kenya along with nurses making up the majority of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) drives the advancement of nursing practice to promote Kenya’s health disparities (Dela Christmals, Crous, & Armstrong, 2019).  

While the role has not been yet developed, Kenya has made significant strides to facilitate the process to advance nursing practice.   In November 2020, the Aga Khan University in Pakistan, hosted a conference to promote the role of the Advanced Practice Nurse in Pakistan and West Africa, and during that conference Rasul (2020, November) reported expanded masters level education programs for Advanced Practice Nurses in Kenya and reported a midwifery program would be developed by 2021.  

Most recently, the Aga Khan University posted on May 6, 2022 that the Kenyan government approved the nursing and midwifery policy facilitated by the AKU demonstrating the imminent implementation of a formal APN role in Kenya and SSA.

Specialization

Meanwhile, Kirigia (2020) presented that the Child Health Nurse Practitioner curriculum has been nearly implemented.  This would establish the first formal initiative to provide quality graduate-level education advanced nursing practice role in the country and SSA.  The focus of the CHNP focus was determined by the majority population of SSA and being regarded as the most vulnerable to disease burden (Dela Christmals, Crous, & Armstrong, 2019).

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References:
Aga Khan University. (May 6, 2022). Government approves nursing and midwifery policy conveniened by AKU.  Retrieved July 9, 2022 from: https://www.aku.edu/news/Pages/News_Details.aspx?nid=NEWS-002763

Dela Christmals, C. & Armstrong, S.J. (2019). The essence, opportunities and threats to advanced practice nursing in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. Heliyon. 5(2019). doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02531

Dela Christmals, C., Crous, L., & Armstrong, S.J. (2019). The development of concepts for a concept-based advanced practice nursing (Child health nurse practitioner) curriculum for Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Caring Sciences. 12(3)1410. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035580

East, L.A., Arudo, J., Loefler, M., & Evans, C. (2014). Exploring the potential for advanced nursing practice role development in Kenya: A qualitative study. BMC Nursing. 13(33). doi:10.1186/s12912-014-0033-y

Kirigia, C. (2020). Impact of advanced practice nurses and midwives on patients’ outcomes: A systematic review. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research. 10(6). doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.1246230.v1

Rasul, F. (2020, November). President’s Address. Shaping the future: Introducing advanced practice nursing in Pakistan and East Africa.  Aga Khan University, Pakistan.  Retrieved May 22, 2022 from: https://www.aku.edu/events/apn/Pages/home.aspx

Sahib, S., Ndirangu, E., Pallangyo, E., Mbuthia, G., & Kimani, R. (2020). Introduction of an advanced practice nurse program in Kenya: A new era in nursing education.  In Sigma’s VIRTUAL 31st International Nursing Research Congress. Retrieved July 9, 2022 from: https://sigma.nursingrepository.org/bitstream/handle/10755/21045/Shaibu_Poster.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Advanced Practice Nursing in Panama

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Contact:
National Nurses Association of Panama

Role

The role of Advanced Practice Nursing in Panama is not currently observed to be in development. There are several generalized contextual barriers (i.e. pushback from physician organizations, lack of nursing role standardization) in developing the role throughout Latin America and Panama is not and exception to that situation (Zug et al., 2016). In addition, there are barriers based on general availability of healthcare staff per 1000 population. Sheer and Wong (2008) pointed out the disparities of health professionals in Panama whereas the Advanced Practice Nurse role is typically facilitated when there is a greater proportion of nurses per 1000 population and a gap in physician availability (Sheer & Wong, 2008). The following table shows the basic comparisons of two nations with significant APN role advancement compared to Panama:

Sheer and Wong (2008) pointed out the disparities of health professionals in Panama whereas the Advanced Practice Nurse role is typically facilitated when there is a greater proportion of nurses per 1000 population and a gap in physician availability (Sheer & Wong, 2008). The following table shows the basic comparisons of two nations with significant APN role advancement compared to Panama:

[Table: World Bank website. Nurses & Midwives and Physicians per 1000 population]

Additionally, Panama is largely a proponent of supporting host country nationals for specific jobs including physicians and nurses, as a result foreign education is not transferrable unless you are formally a Panamanian citizen or you are formally married to one (Czark, B., n.d.).

Meanwhile, there are significant gaps in healthcare primarily outside of Panama City where the majority of medical providers reside and work. This leaves potential gaps that would be more ideal to allow nurse practice advancement. Currently, there are medical brigades (aka medical missions) permitted allowing healthcare providers from other nations to provide health services on a voluntary basis; such opportunities can be found online in abundance.

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References:
Czark, B. (n.d.). 25 jobs forbidden to foreigners in Panama. Retrieved July 1, 2022 from: https://livinginpanama.com/panama/jobs-forbidden-foreigners/

Sheer, B. & Wong, F.K.Y. (2008).  The development of advanced nursing practice globally.  Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40(3),204-211.

World Bank, The. Statistics: Nurses and midwives per 1000 population for Panama, Netherlands, and United States. Retrieved July 1, 2022 from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=PA-US-NL

World Bank, The. Statistics: Physicians per 1000 population for Panama, Netherlands, and United States. Retrieved July 1, 2022 from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=PA-US-NL

Zug, K.E., De Bortoli Cassiani, S.H., Pulcini, J., Bassalobre Garcia, A., Aguierre-Boza, F., & Park, J. (2016). Advanced practice nursing in Latin America and the Caribbean: Regulation education and practice. Revisita Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 24(2016). doi:10.1590/1518-8345.1615.2807